C1.1

Before the mid-1860's, the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited,

in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River, approximately the centers of the

country. At that point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to

steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stagecoaching

(5) and steamboating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they

became supplements or feeders. Each new "end-of-track" became a center for animal-

drawn or waterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the

distance that had to be covered by the older, slower, and more costly means. Wagon

freighters continued operating throughout the 1870's and 1880's and into the 1890's,

(10) although over constantly shrinking routes, and coaches and wagons continued to

crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid.

 

The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the later 1860's, when the

Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plaints city of

Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward form California through

(15) the formidable barriers of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln

signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more

generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central

Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skepticism that a

railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain,

(20) and semiarid plain could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of

"premature enterprise", where not only the cost of construction but also the very high

risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, the chair of the

congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would

undertake so unpromising a venture; yet it was a national necessity to link East and

(25) West together.

 

 

1. The author refers to the impact of railroads before the late 1860's as "limited" because  [[1:selectmenu:2]]

a.the tracks did not take the direct route from one city to the next

b.passenger and freight had to transfer to other modes of transportation to reach western destinations

c.passengers preferred stagecoaches

d.railroad travel was quite expensive

 

 

2. The word "they" in line 5 refers to   [[2:selectmenu:4]]

a.Tracks

b.Trains

c.freight, mail, and passengers

d.steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches

 

 

3. The word "supplements" in line 6 is closest in meaning to  [[3:selectmenu:1]]

a.Extensions

b.Reformers

c.Dependents

d.Influences

 

 

4. What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroads expanded?  [[4:selectmenu:4]]

a.They developed competing routes.

b.Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.

c.They began to specialize in transporting goods.

d.They were not used as much as before.

 

 

5. The word "crisscross" in line 11 is closest in meaning to  [[5:selectmenu:3]] 

a.Lead the way

b.Separate

c.Move back and forth

d.Uncover

 

 

6. Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in line 15?   [[6:selectmenu:4]]

a.To argue that a more direct route to the West could have been taken

b.To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West

c.To point out the location of a serious train accident

d.To give an example of an obstacle face by the Central Pacific

 

 

7.The word "skepticism" in line 18 is closest in meaning to   [[7:selectmenu:1]] 

a. doubt

b.amazement

c.urgency

d.determination

 

 

8. The Pacific railroads were considered a "premature enterprise" (line 21) because   [[8:selectmenu:3]]

a.the technology of railroad cars was not fully developed

b.there was not enough wood and steel for the tracks

c.the cost and risks discouraged private investment

d.there were insufficient numbers of trained people to operate them

 

 

9. The word "subsidy" in line 23 is closest in meaning to   [[9:selectmenu:2]]   

a.persuasion

b.financing

c.explanation

d.penalty

 

 

10. Where in the passage does the author give example of geographical challenges to railroad construction?   [[10:selectmenu:3]]

a.Lines 4-6

b.Lines 8-11

c.Lines 18-20

d.Lines 22-25

 




C1.2

Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number

are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics. However, the concept of number and

the counting process developed so long before the time of recorded history (there is

archaeological evidence that counting was employed by humans as far back as 50,000

(5) years ago) that the manner of this development is largely conjectural. Imaging how it

probably came about is not difficult. The argument that humans, even in prehistoric

times, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of

more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group,

seems fair, for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense.

 

(10) With the gradual evolution of society, simple counting became imperative. A tribe

had to know how many members it had and how many enemies, and shepherd needed

to know if the flock of sheep was decreasing in size. Probably the earliest way of keeping

a count was by some simple tally method, employing the principle of one-to-one

correspondence. In keeping a count of sheep, for example, one finger per sheep could

(15) be turned under. Counts could also be maintained by making scratches in the dirt or on

a stone, by cutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tying knots in a string.

 

Then, perhaps later, an assortment of vocal sounds was developed as a word tally

against the number of objects in a small group. And still later, with the refinement of

writing, a set of signs was devised to stand for these numbers. Such an imagined

(20) development is supported by reports of anthropologists in their studies of present-day

societies that are thought to be similar to those of early humans.

 

 

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?   [[1:selectmenu:3]]

a.The efforts of early humans to care for herds of animals

b.The development of writing

c.The beginnings of mathematics

d.Similarities in number sense between humans and animals

 

 

2. The word "conjectural" in line 5 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:2]]

a.complex

b.based on guessing

c.unbelievable

d.supported by careful research

 

 

3. Why does the author mention animals in line 9?   [[3:selectmenu:1]]

a.To support a theory about the behavior of early humans

b.To identify activities that are distinctly human

c.To illustrate the limits of a historical record of human development

d.To establish that early human kept domesticated animals

 

 

4. What is the basic principle of the tally method described in the second paragraph?   [[4:selectmenu:4]]

a.The count is recorded permanently.

b.Calculations provide the total count.

c.Large quantities are represented by symbols.

d.Each marker represents a singly object.

 

 

5. The word "employing" in line 13 is closest in meaning to   [[5:selectmenu:1]]

a.using

b.paying

c.focusing

d.hiring

 

 

6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an early methods of counting?   [[6:selectmenu:3]]

a.Cutting notches

b.Bending fingers

c.Piling stones

d.Tying knots

 

 

7. The word "assortment" in line 17 is closest in meaning to   [[7:selectmenu:2]]

a. instrument

b.variety

c.surplus

d.symbol

 

 

8. It can be inferred that research in other academic fields relates to research in the author's field in which of the following ways?   [[8:selectmenu:1]]

a.It contributes relevant information

b.It is carried out on a simpler level.

c.It is less reliable than research in the author's field.

d.It causes misunderstandings if applied to the author's field.

 

 

9. Where in the passage does the author mention the ability of animals to recognized small and large groups?   [[9:selectmenu:2]]

a.Lines 1-2

b.Lines 6-9

c.Lines 10-12

d.Lines 17-18

 

 

10. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?   [[10:selectmenu:4]]

a.Counting processes did not develop until after writing became widespread.

b.Early counting methods required herds of animals.

c.Mathematics has remained unchanged since ancient times.

d.Early humans first counted because of necessity.

 

 

 

C1.3

As the merchant class expanded in the eighteenth-century North American colonies,

the silversmith and the coppersmith businesses rose to serve it. Only a few silversmiths

were available in New York or Boston in the late seventeenth century, but in the

eighteenth century they could be found in all major colonial cities. No other colonial

(5) artisans rivaled the silversmiths' prestige. They handled the most expensive materials

and possessed direct connections to prosperous colonies merchants. Their products,

primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exalted status and testified to their

customers' prominence.

 

Silver stood as one of the surest ways to store wealth at a time before neighborhood

(10) banks existed. Unlike the silver coins from which they were made, silver articles were

readily identifiable. Often formed to individual specifications, they always carried the

silversmith's distinctive markings and consequently could be traced and retrieved.

 

Customers generally secured the silver for the silver objects they ordered. They

saved coins, took them to smiths, and discussed the type of pieces they desired.

(15) Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a small furnace,

adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular

blocks. They hammered these ingots to the appropriate thickness by hand, shaped

them, and pressed designs into them for adornment. Engraving was also done by hand.

In addition to plates and bowls, some customers sought more intricate products, such as

(20) silver teapots. These were made by shaping or casting parts separately and then

soldering them together.

 

Colonial coppersmithing also came of age in the early eighteenth century and

prospered in northern cities. Copper's ability to conduct heat efficiently and to resist

corrosion contributed to its attractiveness. But because it was expensive in colonial

(25) America, coppersmiths were never very numerous. Virtually all copper worked by

smiths was imported as sheets or obtained by recycling old copper goods. Copper was

used for practical items, but it was not admired for its beauty. Coppersmiths employed

it to fashion pots and kettles for the home. They shaped it in much the same manner as

silver or melted it in a foundry with lead or tin. They also mixed it with zinc to make

brass for maritime and scientific instruments.

 

 

1. What is the subject of this passage?   [[1:selectmenu:2]]

a. Prosperous merchants in colonies during the late seventeenth century

b. The rise of silversmith and coppersmith businesses in eighteenth century

c. Using silverware as a way of storing wealth instead of saving wealth in banks

d. Making Brass by mixing copper and zinc in order to make scientific instruments

 

 

2.The word "They" in line 5 refers to   [[2:selectmenu:3]] 

a.other colonial artisans

b.major colonial cities

c.silversmiths

d.materials

 

 

3. The word "exalted" in line 7 is closest in meaning to   [[3:selectmenu:4]]

a.unusual

b.uncertain

c.surprising

d.superior

 


4. In colonial America, where did silversmiths usually obtain the material to make silver articles?  [[4:selectmenu:4]]

a.From their own mines

b.From importers

c.From other silversmiths

d.From customers

 

 

5. The word "ingots" in line 17 refers to   [[5:selectmenu:2]]

a.coins that people saved

b.blocks of silver mixed with copper

c.tools used to shape silver plates

d.casts in which to form parts of silver

 

 

6. According to the passage, which of the following eighteenth-century developments had a strong impact on silversmiths?   [[6:selectmenu:3]]

a.a decrease in the cost of silver

b.the invention of heat-efficient furnaces

c.the growing economic prosperity of colonial merchants

d.the development of new tools used to shape silver

 

 

7. The phrase "came of age" in line 22 is closest in meaning to   [[7:selectmenu:1]]

a.established itself

b.declined

c.became less expensive

d.was studied

 

 

8. The passage mentions all of the following as uses for copper in colonial America EXCEPT [[8:selectmenu:3]]

a.cooking pots

b.scientific instruments

c.musical instruments

d.maritime instruments

 

 

9. According to the passage, silversmiths and articles coppersmiths in colonial America were similar in which of the following ways?  [[9:selectmenu:2]]     

a.The amount of social prestige they had

b.The way they shaped the metal they worked with

c.The cost of the goods they made

d.The practicality of goods they made

 

 

10. Based on the information in paragraph 4, which of the following was probably true about copper in the colonies? [[10:selectmenu:1]]

a.There were no local copper mines from which copper could be obtained.

b.The copper items created by colonial coppersmiths were not skillfully made.

c.The copper used by colonists was not effective in conducting heat.

d.The price of copper suddenly decreased.

 

 

 

C1.4

Fossils are the remains and traces (such as footprints or other marks) of ancient

plant and animal life that are more than 10,000 years old. They range in size from

microscopic structures to dinosaur skeletons and complete bodies of enormous animals.

Skeletons of extinct species of human are also considered fossils.

 

(5)An environment favorable to the growth and later preservation of organisms is

required for the occurrence of fossils. Two conditions are almost always present:

(1)The possession of hard parts, either internal or external, such as bones, teeth,

scales, shells, and wood; these parts remain after the rest of the organism has decayed.

Organisms that lack hard parts, such as worms and jelly fish, have left a meager

(10) geologic record. (2) Quick burial of the dead organism, so that protection is afforded

against weathering, bacterial action, and scavengers.

 

Nature provides many situations in which the remains of animals and plants are

protected against destruction. Of these, marine sediment is by far the most important

environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine

(15) life. The beds of former lakes are also prolific sources of fossils. The rapidly

accumulating sediments in the channels, floodplains, and deltas of streams bury

fresh-water organisms, along with land plants and animals that fall into the water. The

beautifully preserved fossil fish from the Green River soil shale of Wyoming in the

western United States lived in a vast shallow lake.

 

(20)The frigid ground in the far north acts as a remarkable preservative for animal

fossils. The woolly mammoth, along-haired rhinoceros, and other mammals have been

periodically exposed in the tundra of Siberia, the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold

storage.

 

Volcanoes often provide environments favorable to fossil preservation. Extensive

(25) falls of volcanic ash and coarser particles overwhelm and bury all forms of life, from

flying insects to great trees.Caves have preserved the bones of many animals that died

in them and were subsequently buried under a blanket of clay or a cover of dripstone.

Predatory animals and early humans alike sought shelter in caves and brought food to them

to the eater, leaving bones that paleontologists have discovered.

 

 

1. The passage primarily discusses which of the following?   [[1:selectmenu:3]]

a.Types of fossils found in different climates

b.What is learned from studying fossils

c.Conditions favorable to the preservation of fossils

d.How fossils are discovered

 

 

2. The word "traces" in line 1 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:4]]

a. structures

b.importance

c.skeletons

d.imprints

 

 

3. All of the following facts about fossils are refereed to by the author (paragraph 1) EXCEPT the fact that they can be   [[3:selectmenu:4]]

a.microscopically small

b.skeletons of human ancestors

c.complete animal bodies

d. fragile

 

 

4. The fossil fish from the Green River (paragraph 3) were probably preserved because they were  [[4:selectmenu:2]]

a.in a deep lake

b.covered by sediment

c.protected by oil

d.buried slowly

 

 

5. The word "exposed" in line 22 is closest in meaning to   [[5:selectmenu:2]]

a.photographed

b.uncovered

c.located

d.preserved

 

 

6. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be found as a fossil, assuming that all are buried rapidly?   [[6:selectmenu:4]]  

a.a dinosaur

b.a woolly mammoth

c.a human ancestor

d.a worm

 

 

7. It can be inferred that a condition that favors fossilization when volcanic ash falls to Earth is [[7:selectmenu:1]] 

a.quick burial

b.cold storage

c.high temperature

d.lack of water

 

 

8. The word "them" in line 28 refers to    [[8:selectmenu:3]] 

a.predatory animals

b.early humans

c.caves

d.bones

 

 

9. Which of the following is true of the environments in which fossil are found?   [[9:selectmenu:1]] 

a.Very different environments can favor fossilization.

b.There are few environments in which fossils are protected.

c.Environments that favor fossilization have similar climates.

d.Environments that favor fossilization support large populations of animals.

 

 

10. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?   [[10:selectmenu:4]]

a. Organism without any hard parts do not leave behind any fossils

b. Marine sediment is one of the best environments for the protection of  fossils

c. Dead organism should be buried quickly to get protection against dangers such as weathering

d. Massive volcanic eruption of coarser particles has an deteriorating effect on fossilization process

 

 

c2.1

Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many

that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965)

called thus the "liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds."

Electronic music, for example—made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and

(5) electronic instruments—may include sounds that in the past would not have been

considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated

hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical

composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic

instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic

(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their

instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at

once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along

it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have

involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent

(15)compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters;

and instruments that used to be considered unconventional in Western music—tom-toms,

bongos, slapsticks, maracas—are widely used.

 

In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of

Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides the interval between two pitches more

(20) finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones,

or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create

sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters—closely spaced tones played

together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has

taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed

(25) at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the

auditorium.

 

Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations,

recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and

novel ways of arranging notation on the page.

 

 

11.What does the passage mainly discuss?   [[1:selectmenu:1]]

a.The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music

b.How sounds are produced electronically

c.How standard musical notation has beer, adapted for nontraditional sounds

d.Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound

 

12.The word "wider" in line 1 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:4]]

a.more impressive

b.more distinctive

c.more controversial

d.more extensive

 

13.The passage suggests that Edgard Varese is an example of a composer who   [[3:selectmenu:3]]

a.criticized electronic music as too noise like

b.modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music

c.believed that any sound could be used in music

d.wrote music with environmental themes

 

14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the sounds that are used in modern music   [[4:selectmenu:3]]

a. The range of sounds that composer can use today is wider than it has ever been

b. Electronic music uses sounds which were not considered musical in the past

c. Composers still shun away from undesirable noises in today's music

d. Sounds which are present in nature are used in some compositions

 

15.The word "it" in line 13 refers to   [[5:selectmenu:2]]

a.piano

b.string

c.blade

d.music

 

16.According to the passage, which of the following types of instruments has played a role in much of the innovation in Western music?   [[6:selectmenu:2]]

a.String

b.Percussion

c.Woodwind

d.Brass

 

17. The word "thereby" in line 20 is closest in meaning to   [[7:selectmenu:4]]

a.in return for

b.in spite of

c.by the way

d.by that means

 

18.According to the passage, Krzysziof Pendereckj is known for which of the following practices?   [[8:selectmenu:1]]

a.Using tones that are clumped together

b.Combining traditional and nontraditional instruments

c.Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium

d.Seating musicians in unusual areas

 

19. According to the passage, which of the following would be considered traditional elements of Western music? [[9:selectmenu:3]]

a. Microtones

b. Tom-toms and bongos

c. Pianos

d. Hisses

 

20. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to  [[10:selectmenu:4]]

a. chart the history of innovation in musical notation

b. explain the logic of standard musical notation

c. design and develop electronic instruments

d. indicate how particular sounds should be produced

  

  

  

  

c2.2

What unusual or unique biological train led to the remarkable diversification and

unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be

that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged

primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form

(5) of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the

young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible

by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.

 

Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and

defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back

(10) again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large

for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment

signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is

accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in

particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second

(15) larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to

finish.

 

For example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if

each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular

object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories

(20) typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has bees

some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various

castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.

What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are

the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals)

(25) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as

ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.

 

 

11.Which of the following questions does the passage primarily answer?   [[1:selectmenu:4]]

a.How do individual ants adapt to specialized tasks?

b.What are the differences between social and solitary insects?

c.Why are ants predators?

d.Why have ants been able to thrive for such a long time?

 

12.The word "unique" in line 1 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:3]]

a.inherited

b.habitual

c.singular

d.natural

 

13.The word "rotting" in line 4 is closest in meaning to   [[3:selectmenu:1]]

a.decaying

b.collected

c.expanding

d.cultivatedm

 

14.The word "key" in line 7 is closest in meaning to   [[4:selectmenu:2]]

a.uncommon

b.important

c.incidental

d.temporary

 

15.According to the passage, one thing eusocial insects can do is rapidly switch from   [[5:selectmenu:3]]

a.one type of food consumption to another

b.one environment to another

c.a solitary task to a group task

d.a defensive to an offensive stance

 

16.The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in the passage to demonstrate   [[6:selectmenu:1]]

a.the advantages of specialization

b.the type of food that larvae are fed

c.the ways ant colonies train their young for adult tasks

d.the different stages of ant development

 

17.The author uses the word "Hence" in line 17 to indicate    [[7:selectmenu:1]]

a.a logical conclusion

b.the next step in a sense of steps

c.a reason for further study

d.the relationship among ants

 

18.All of the following terms art defined in the passage EXCEPT    [[8:selectmenu:3]]

a.eusocial (line 3)

b.series-parallel sequence (line 13)

c.caste (line 20)

d.predators (line 24)

 

19.The word "they" in line 26 refers to   [[9:selectmenu:1]]

a.termites

b.ants

c.places

d.predators

 

20.It can be inferred from the passage that one main difference between termites and ants is that termites   [[10:selectmenu:4]]

a.live above ground

b.are eusocial

c.protect their nests

d.eat almost no animal substances

c2.3

Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present

movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.

A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice

constals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months,

(5)the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed

together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older

snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of

snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow

cementation—a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of

(10) intergrown ice crystals—finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of

recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of

air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice.

The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or

longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted

(15) into ice.

In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice

is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers,

the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is

present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.

(20) Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus

weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid

rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached,

the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that

flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates.

The up down leads to the eventual melting of ice.

 

 

11.Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?   [[1:selectmenu:3]]

a.The effect of glaciers on climate

b.Damage from glaciers

c.Glacier formation

d.The location of glaciers

 

12.Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?   [[2:selectmenu:2]]

a.Increased water and air content

b.Pressure from the weight of new snow

c.Long periods of darkness and temperature variations

d.Movement of the glacier

 

13.The word "bound" in line 9 is closest in meaning to  [[3:selectmenu:4]]

a.covered

b.chosen

c.planned

d.held

 

14.Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?   [[4:selectmenu:1]]

a.Air

b.Pressure

c.Weight

d.Rocks

 

15.According to the passage, which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary for glacial ice to form?    [[5:selectmenu:2]]

a.Several months

b.Several years

c.At least fifty years

d.A century

 

16. The word "converted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to   [[6:selectmenu:1]]

a.changed

b.delayed

c.promoted

d.dissolved

 

17.What is the purpose of the material in lines 16-19   [[7:selectmenu:1]]

a.To define two types of glaciers

b.To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice

c.To present theories of glacier formation

d.To discuss the similarities between glacial types

 

18.In temperate glaciers, where is water found?   [[8:selectmenu:4]]

a.Only near the surface

b.In pools a: various depths

c.In a thin layer below the firm

d.In tunnels

 

19.The word "it" in line 21 refers to    [[9:selectmenu:2]]

a.formation

b.ice

c.thickness

d.weight

 

20. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier   [[10:selectmenu:4]]

a.can revert to a fluffy mass

b.maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process

c.is too cold to be thoroughly studied

d.can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans

 

 

c2.4

The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceabiliy of British copyright law

in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as

publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was

difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in

(5) Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and

type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one

sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments

of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of

high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer

(10) miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a

major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing

wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and

creditors impatient for payment.

 

In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts,

(15) catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy.

Chapbook were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems,

short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally

bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a

sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require

(20) fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large,

cost effective editions and sold cheaply.

 

By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that

had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the

publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications

(25) would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained

information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and

months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information

pertained to the locale in which they would be used.

 

 

11.Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?    [[1:selectmenu:3]]

a.Laws governing the printing industry.

b.Competition among printers

c.Types of publications produced

d.Advances in printing technology

 

12.According to the passage, why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?    [[2:selectmenu:3]]

a.Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major projects.

b.There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.

c.Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.

d.Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.

 

13.Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they   [[3:selectmenu:1]] 

a.required a small financial investment and sold quickly

b.were in great demand in European markets

c.were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets

d.generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists

 

14.The word "they" in line 17 refers to   [[4:selectmenu:1]]

a.chapbooks

b.tales

c.jokes

d.pages

 

15.The word "antecedent" in line 19 is closest in meaning to   [[5:selectmenu:1]]

a.predecessor

b.format

c.imitation

d.component

 

16.Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by   [[6:selectmenu:2]]

a.fine paper

b.cardboard covers

c.elaborate decoration

d.a large number of pages

 

17.The word "appealing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to   [[7:selectmenu:4]]

a.dependable

b.respectable

c.enduring

d.attractive

 

18.What were "steady sellers" (line 23) ?   [[8:selectmenu:4]]

a.Printers whose incomes were quite large

b.People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets

c.Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers

d.Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year

 

19.The word "locale" in line 28 is closest in meaning to   [[9:selectmenu:4]]

a.topic

b.season

c.interest

d.place

 

20.All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT     [[10:selectmenu:2]]

a."Broadsides" (line 6)

b."catechisms" (line 15)

c."chapbooks"(line 16)

d."Almanacs" (line 25)

 

 

C3.1

The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, their strong

attachment to the English way of doing things, would play a major part in the furniture

that was made in New England. The very tools that the first New England furniture

makers used were, after all, not much different from those used for centuries) - even

(5) millennia: basic hammers, saws, chisels, planes, augers, compasses, and measures.

These were the tools used more or less by all people who worked with wood:

carpenters, barret makers, and shipwrights. At most the furniture makers might have

had planes with special edges or more delicate chisels, but there could not have been

much specialization in the early years of the colonies.

 

(10) The furniture makers in those early decades of the 1600's were known as "joiners,"

for the primary method of constructing furniture, at least among the English of this

time, was that of mortise-and-tenon joinery. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cut

into one piece of wood, while the tenon is the tongue or protruding element shaped

from another piece of wood so that it fits into the mortise and another small hole is

(15) then drilled (with the auger) through the mortised end and the tenon so that a whittled

peg can secure the joint - thus the term "joiner." Panels were fitted into slots on the

basic frames. This kind of construction was used for making everything from houses to

chests.

 

Relatively little hardware was used during this period. Some nails - forged by hand - were

(20)  used, but no screws or glue. Hinges were often made of leather, but metal

hinges were also used. The cruder varieties were made by blacksmiths in the colonies,

but the finer metal elements were imported. Locks and escutcheon plates  - the latter to

shield the wood from the metal key - would often be imported. 

 

Above all, what the early English colonists imported was their knowledge of, familiarity

(25)  with, and dedication to the traditional types and designs of furniture they knew

 in England.

 

 

21. The phrase "attachment to" in line 2 is closest in meaning to   [[1:selectmenu:4]]

a.control of

b.distance from

c.curiosity about

d.preference for

 

22. The word "protruding" in line13 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:3]]

a.parallel

b.simple

c.projecting

d.important

 

23. The relationship of a mortise and a tenon is most similar to that of     [[3:selectmenu:1]]

a.a lock and a key

b.a book and its cover

c.a cup and a saucer

d.a hammer and a nail

 

24. For what purpose did woodworkers use an auger?   [[4:selectmenu:3]]  

a.To whittle a peg

b.To make a tenon

c.To drill a hole

d.To measure a panel

 

25. Which of the following were NOT used in the construction of colonial furniture?   [[5:selectmenu:4]]

a.Mortiscs

b.Nails

c.Hinges

d.Screws

 

26. The author implies that colonial metalworkers were   [[6:selectmenu:1]]

a.unable to make elaborate parts

b.more skilled than woodworkers

c.more conservative than other colonists

d.frequently employed by joiners

 

27. The word "shield" in line 23 is closest in meaning to   [[7:selectmenu:4]]

a.decorate

b.copy

c.shape

d.protect

 

 

28. The word "they" in line 25 refers to   [[8:selectmenu:3]]

a.designs

b.types

c.colonists

d.all

 

29. The author implies that the colonial joiners   [[9:selectmenu:2]]

a.were highly paid

b.based their furniture on English models

c.used many specialized tools

d.had to adjust to using new kinds of wood in New England

 

30. Which of the following terms does the author explain in the passage?   [[10:selectmenu:2]]

a."millennia" (line 5)

b."joiners" (line 10)

c."whittled" (line 15)

d."blacksmiths" (line 21)

 

C3.2

In addition to their military role, the forts of the nineteenth century provided numerous

other benefits for the American West. The establishment of these posts opened new

roads and provided for the protection of daring adventurers and expeditions as well as

established settlers. Forts also served as bases where enterprising entrepreneurs could

(5) bring commerce to the West, providing supplies and refreshments to soldiers as well as

to pioneers. Posts like Fort Laramie provided supplies for wagon trains traveling the

natural highways toward new frontiers. Some posts became stations for the pony

express; still others, such as Fort Davis, were stagecoach stops for weary travelers. All

of these functions, of course, suggest that the contributions of the forts to the

(10) civilization and development of the West extended beyond patrol duty.

 

Through the establishment of military posts, yet other contributions were made to

the development of western culture. Many posts maintained libraries or reading rooms,

and some - for example, Fort Davis - had schools. Post chapels provided a setting

for religious services and weddings. Throughout the wilderness, post bands provided

(15) entertainment and boosted morale. During the last part of the nineteenth century, to

reduce expenses, gardening was encouraged at the forts, thus making experimental

agriculture another activity of the military. The military stationed at the various forts

also played a role in civilian life by assisting in maintaining order, and civilian officials

often called on the army for protection.

 

(20) Certainly, among other significant contributions the army made to the improvement

of the conditions of life was the investigation of the relationships among health,

climate, and architecture. From the earliest colonial times throughout the nineteenth

century, disease ranked as the foremost problem in defense. It slowed construction of

forts and inhibited their military function. Official documents from many regions

(25) contained innumerable reports of sickness that virtually incapacitated entire garrisons.

In response to the problems, detailed observations of architecture and climate and their

relationships to the frequency of the occurrence of various diseases were recorded at

various posts across the nation by military surgeons.

 

 

21. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?   [[1:selectmenu:3]]

a.By the nineteenth century, forts were no longer used by the military.

b.Surgeons at forts could not prevent outbreaks of disease.

c.Forts were important to the development of the American West.

d.Life in nineteenth-century forts was very rough.

 

22. The word "daring" in line 3 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:2]]

a.lost

b.bold

c.lively

d.foolish

 

23. Which of the following would a traveler be LEAST likely to obtain at Fort Laramie?  [[3:selectmenu:3]]  

a.Fresh water

b.Food

c.Formal clothing

d.Lodging

 

 

24. The word "others" in line 8 refers to   [[4:selectmenu:1]]

a.posts

b.wagon trains

c.frontiers

d.highways

 

25. The word "boosted" in line 15 is closest in meaning to   [[5:selectmenu:3]]

a.influenced

b.established

c.raised

d.maintained

 

26. Which of the following is the most likely inference about the decision to promote gardening at forts?  [[6:selectmenu:1]]

a.It was expensive to import produce from far away.

b.Food brought in from outside was often spoiled.

c.Gardening was a way to occupy otherwise idle soldiers.

d.The soil near the forts was very fertile.

 

27. According to the passage which of the following posed the biggest obstacle to the development of military forts?   [[7:selectmenu:4]]

a.Insufficient shelter

b.Shortage of materials

c.Attacks by wild animals

d.Illness

 

28. The word "inhibited" in line 24 is closest in meaning to   [[8:selectmenu:4]]

a.involved

b.exploited

c.united

d.hindered

 

29. How did the military assist in the investigation of health problems?    [[9:selectmenu:3]] 

a.By registering annual birth and death rates

b.By experimenting with different building materials

c.By maintaining records of diseases and potential causes

d.By monitoring the soldiers' diets

 

30. The author organizes the discussion of forts by   [[10:selectmenu:4]]

a.describing their locations

b.comparing their sizes

c.explaining their damage to the environment

d.listing their contributions to western life

 

C3.3

Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like

its modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.

Fossils often have the quality of stone rather than of organic materials, and this has led

to the use of the term "petrifaction" (to bring about rock). The implication is that bone,

(5) and other tissues, have somehow been turned into stone, and this is certainly the

explanation given in some texts. But it is a wrong interpretation; fossils are frequently

so dense because the pores and other spaces in the bone have become filled with

minerals taken up from the surrounding sediments. Some fossils bones have all the

interstitial spaces filled with foreign minerals, including the marrow cavity, if there is

(10) one, while others have taken up but little from their surroundings. Probably all of the

minerals deposited within the bone have been recrystallized from solution by the action

of water percolating through them. The degree of mineralization appears to be determined

by the nature of the environment in which the bone was deposited and not by the

antiquity of the bone. For example, the black fossil bones that are so common in many

(15) parts of Florida are heavily mineralized, but they are only about 20.000 years old,

whereas many of the dinosaur bones from western Canada, which are about 75 million

years old, are only partially filled in. Under optimum conditions the process of

mineralization probably takes thousands rather than millions of years, perhaps

considerably less.

 

(20) The amount of change that has occurred in fossil bone, even in bone as old as that of

dinosaurs, is often remarkably small. We are therefore usually able to see the

microscopic structure of the bone, including such fine details as the lacunae where the

living bone cells once resided. The natural bone mineral, the hydroxyapatite, is

virtually unaltered too - it has the same crystal structure as that of modern bone.

(25) Although nothing remains of the original collagen, some of its component amino acids

are usually still detectable, together with amino acids of the noncollagen proteins of bone.

 

 

21. What does the passage mainly discuss?    [[1:selectmenu:2]]   

a.The location of fossils in North America

b.The composition of fossils

c.Determining the size and weight of fossils

d.Procedures for analyzing fossils

 

22. The word "counterpart" in line 2 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:2]]

a.species

b.version

c.change

d.material

 

23. Why is fossilized bone heavier than ordinary bone?   [[3:selectmenu:4]]

a.Bone tissue solidifies with age.

b.The marrow cavity gradually fills with water.

c.The organic materials turn to stone.

d.Spaces within the bone fill with minerals.

 

24. The word "pores" in line 7 is closest in meaning to   [[4:selectmenu:4]]

a.joints

b.tissues

c.lines

d.holes

 

25. What can be inferred about a fossil with a high degree of mineralization?   [[5:selectmenu:1]]

a.It was exposed to large amounts of mineral-laden water throughout time.

b.Mineralization was complete within one year of the animal's death.

c.Many colorful crystals can be found in such a fossil.

d.It was discovered in western Canada.

 

26. Which of the following factors is most important in determining the extent of mineralization in fossil bones?   [[6:selectmenu:2]]

a.The age of the fossil

b.Environmental conditions

c.The location of the bone in the animal's body

d.The type of animal the bone came from

 

27. Why does the author compare fossils found in western Canada to those found in Florida?   [[7:selectmenu:1]]

a.To prove that a fossil's age cannot be determined by the amount of mineralization

b.To discuss the large quantity of fossils found in both places

c.To suggest that fossils found in both places were the same age

d.To explain why scientists are especially interested in Canadian fossils

 

28. The word "it" in line 24 refers to   [[8:selectmenu:1]]

a.hydroxyapatite

b.microscopic structure

c.crystal structure

d.modern bone

 

29. The word "detectable" in line 26 is closest in meaning to     [[9:selectmenu:4]]   

a.sizable

b.active

c.moist

d.apparent

 

30. Which of the following does NOT survive in fossils?  [[10:selectmenu:3]]

a.Noncollagen proteins

b.Hydroxyapatite

c.Collagen

d.Amino acid

 

C3.4

In the last third of the nineteenth century a new housing form was quietly being

developed. In 1869 the Stuyvesant, considered New York's first apartment house, was

built on East Eighteenth Street. The building was financed by the developer Rutherfurd

Stuyvesant and designed by Richard Morris Hunt, the first American architect to graduate

(5) from the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. Each man had lived in Paris, and each understood

the economic and social potential of this Parisian housing form. But the Stuyvesant

was at best a limited success. In spite of Hunt's inviting facade, the living space was

awkwardly arranged. Those who could afford them were quite content to remain in the

more sumptuous, single-family homes, leaving the Stuyvesant to young married couples

(10) and bachelors.

 

The fundamental problem with the Stuyvesant and the other early apartment buildings

that quickly followed, in the late 1870's and early 1880's, was that they were confined

to the typical New York building lot. That lot was a rectangular area 25 feet wide by 100

feet deep - a shape perfectly suited for a row house. The lot could also accommodate,

(15) a rectangular tenement, though it could not yield the square, well-lighted, and logically

arranged rooms that great apartment buildings require. But even with the awkward

interior configurations of the early apartment buildings, the idea caught on. It met the

needs of a large and growing population that wanted something better than tenements

but could not afford or did not want row houses.

 

(20) So while the city's newly emerging social leadership commissioned their mansions,

apartment houses and hotels began to sprout on multiple lots, thus breaking the initial

space constraints. In the closing decades of the nineteenth century, large apartment

houses began dotting the developed portions of New York City, and by the opening

decades of the twentieth century, spacious buildings, such as the Dakota and the Ansonia,

(25) finally transcended the tight confinement of row house building lots. From there it was

only a small step to building luxury apartment houses on the newly created Park Avenue,

right next to the fashionable Fifth Avenue shopping area.

 

 

21. The new housing form discussed in the passage refers to   [[1:selectmenu:2]]

a.single-family homes

b.apartment buildings

c.row houses

d.hotels

 

22. The word "inviting" in line 7 is closest in meaning to   [[2:selectmenu:3]]

a.open

b.encouraging

c.attractive

d.asking

 

23. Why was the Sluyvesant a limited success?   [[3:selectmenu:1]]

a.The arrangement of the rooms was not convenient.

b.Most people could not afford to live there.

c.There were no shopping areas nearby.

d.It was in a crowded neighborhood.

 

24. The word "sumptuous" in line 9 is closest in meaning to   [[4:selectmenu:1]]

a.luxurious

b.unique

c.modern

d.distant

 

25. It can be inferred that the majority of people who lived in New York's first apartments were   [[5:selectmenu:4]]

a.highly educated

b.unemployed

c.wealthy

d.young

 

26. The word "confined" in line 12 is closest in meaning to all option EXCEPT:   [[6:selectmenu:4]]

a.restricted

b.cramped

c.limited

d.roomy

 

27. It can be inferred that a New York apartment building in the 1870's and 1880's had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:   [[7:selectmenu:3]]

a.Its room arrangement was not logical.

b.It was rectangular.

c.It was spacious inside.

d.It had limited light.

 

28. The word "yield" in line 15 is closest in meaning to   [[8:selectmenu:4]]

a.harvest

b.surrender

c.amount

d.provide

 

29. Why did the idea of living in an apartment become popular in the late 1800's?   [[9:selectmenu:2]]

a.Large families needed housing with sufficient space.

b.Apartments were preferable to tenements and cheaper than row houses.

c.The city officials of New York wanted housing that was centrally located.

d.The shape of early apartments could accommodate a variety of interior designs.

 

30. The author mentions the "Dakota and the Ansonia" in line 24 because   [[10:selectmenu:1]]

a.they are examples of large well-designed apartment buildings

b.their design is similar to that of row houses

c.they were built on a single building lot

d.they are famous hotels